Hydrology is one of the most important ecosystem to support humans life. Basically hydrology is a science that learned about all the water in the world. For forest management major we specialized to studied about how forest could influenced the basin. Basin is an ecosystem that was delineated by the topography. It has a function to catch, to flow, and to infiltrate the water from a upstream to an outlet. Nowdays many issues about global warming and climate change were talking about how forest land use could influenced the basin. It said that many catastrophe such as flood was caused by the land use change. And in other case a clean water scarcity becoming an important issues. Urban continuously growing and donate waste to the water channel, decreasing the quality of water. In the other hands the settlement continue to develop without concerning about to infiltrate water to the ground. This causing the drought in dry season and flood in wet season. So the question is how to developed a sustainable watershed management?
It's generally spoken that forest is important to maintain the sustainability of the environment. These becoming an important issues since human life depends on environment resources. Unfortunately, the world development sometimes doesn't consider about the true nature of the environment it self. Hydrology or basin is an environment that interact with the living creature. This what we called an ecosystem. As a system, basin will react to the input that happened in it and will give the output based on the input that they given. A natural system will give the balance respond within the input and output, but without considering it humans have been changing the input of the system. They exploit the nature resources on watershed (like land use changing from forest to mine) without paying attention with the nature balance.
As we spoken before basin has some different respond depends on its input. In this part we will talked about the land use change impact to the basin. Input of basin (land use) could be explained by knowing the component of water balanced. As we know, rainfall is different in each places it depends on sun position to the places. Rainfall or climate factors is a factor that hard to be changed and needs a long term condition to change. A rainfall quantity could influenced how the basin works. Another input that could influenced the basin system is soil. Soil have many different characteristic in response to infiltrate the water. In soil we know about permanent wilting point. Permanent wilting point is a capacity of water to infiltrate the water. If the rainfall quantity is exceed the permanent wilting point water will becoming a surface run-off. A big quantity of run off will eroding the top soil this will caused a soil quality damage. Beside that the run off that bring the soil will enter the nearest water channel and will caused the sediment quantity increasing. Of course the sediment will lead to water channel changing and beside that in the maximum rainfall intensity it will caused flood. Sediment was actually a nature phenomenon but because of the extreme changing on the basin and the basin can't handle it so the decreasing sediment will make catastrophe to the basin it self. This is one of the basin response to the land use change.
Other thing that caused a hydrological respond to the basin is slope. In Indonesia the upstream usually becoming a national park and the existence of the national park becoming so important to maintain the availability of clean water. National park usually has a dense contour it means that the area is having a steep slope. Beside that national park that locate in the mountain is having an old soil. The dense contour and the old soil making the area easily to be eroded. In this area that haven't any vegetation cover will lead to the slide. In some cases the slide will closed the water channel and will dam up the water. This dam up won't hold longer and it will caused flash flood. From this explanation we know that slope, land use, and soil are the main factor to analysis the basin, beside the weather. An overlay of them is what we called HRU or Hydrological Response Unit.
To developed a well watershed management we should concern about HRU. HRU is an unique respond of hydrology based on its land use, soil, and slope. The overlay of this tree becoming so important to be considered of. This because every basin has a different HRU. And land use, soil, and slope will make a lot of combination that will categorized in different HRU. Using HRU as a standard for watershed management or to set the protected forest is better than using a scoring. Because by using HRU means we consider about the variant of the soil, slope, and land use combination. This becoming so important to maintain the natural balanced. Indonesia set the protected forest just by looking the score that we don't know where the score standard come from. This won't be effective because Indonesia as a tropical country has a many diversity of its own nature. This should be considered to developed a well watershed management.
So in the end, the thing that should be considered .to developed a well watershed management is to know what is the main factor to analyzed the basin, such as soil, land use, and slope. It's because every different combination of them will lead to a different hydrological response. This respond will react to the basin itself. So it's important to us to knowing better about each HRU of the watershed so that we can set up the best management that should be chosen to managing the watershed.
As we spoken before basin has some different respond depends on its input. In this part we will talked about the land use change impact to the basin. Input of basin (land use) could be explained by knowing the component of water balanced. As we know, rainfall is different in each places it depends on sun position to the places. Rainfall or climate factors is a factor that hard to be changed and needs a long term condition to change. A rainfall quantity could influenced how the basin works. Another input that could influenced the basin system is soil. Soil have many different characteristic in response to infiltrate the water. In soil we know about permanent wilting point. Permanent wilting point is a capacity of water to infiltrate the water. If the rainfall quantity is exceed the permanent wilting point water will becoming a surface run-off. A big quantity of run off will eroding the top soil this will caused a soil quality damage. Beside that the run off that bring the soil will enter the nearest water channel and will caused the sediment quantity increasing. Of course the sediment will lead to water channel changing and beside that in the maximum rainfall intensity it will caused flood. Sediment was actually a nature phenomenon but because of the extreme changing on the basin and the basin can't handle it so the decreasing sediment will make catastrophe to the basin it self. This is one of the basin response to the land use change.
Other thing that caused a hydrological respond to the basin is slope. In Indonesia the upstream usually becoming a national park and the existence of the national park becoming so important to maintain the availability of clean water. National park usually has a dense contour it means that the area is having a steep slope. Beside that national park that locate in the mountain is having an old soil. The dense contour and the old soil making the area easily to be eroded. In this area that haven't any vegetation cover will lead to the slide. In some cases the slide will closed the water channel and will dam up the water. This dam up won't hold longer and it will caused flash flood. From this explanation we know that slope, land use, and soil are the main factor to analysis the basin, beside the weather. An overlay of them is what we called HRU or Hydrological Response Unit.
To developed a well watershed management we should concern about HRU. HRU is an unique respond of hydrology based on its land use, soil, and slope. The overlay of this tree becoming so important to be considered of. This because every basin has a different HRU. And land use, soil, and slope will make a lot of combination that will categorized in different HRU. Using HRU as a standard for watershed management or to set the protected forest is better than using a scoring. Because by using HRU means we consider about the variant of the soil, slope, and land use combination. This becoming so important to maintain the natural balanced. Indonesia set the protected forest just by looking the score that we don't know where the score standard come from. This won't be effective because Indonesia as a tropical country has a many diversity of its own nature. This should be considered to developed a well watershed management.
So in the end, the thing that should be considered .to developed a well watershed management is to know what is the main factor to analyzed the basin, such as soil, land use, and slope. It's because every different combination of them will lead to a different hydrological response. This respond will react to the basin itself. So it's important to us to knowing better about each HRU of the watershed so that we can set up the best management that should be chosen to managing the watershed.
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